Menerangkan sebagian area Foto


Akan saya contohkan menggunakan foto dibawah ini, semoga sesuai:



Sebelum melakukan pengolahan foto, sebaiknya foto yang akan kita olah tersebut kita duplicate dahulu, dengan cara klik kanan pada layer, kemudian kita pilih Duplicate Layer, seperti gambar dibawah ini:



Kemudian kita gunakan Add a layer style kemudian Blending Option untuk mengatur seberapa terang hasil akhir dari foto yang kita olah tersebut. Seperti pada gambar dibawah ini:



Kemudian akan muncul jendela Layer Style seperti pada gambar dibawah ini:



Selanjutnya kita sesuaikan pengaturan Layer Style tersebut dengan hasil yang kita inginkan, misalnya saja dalm contoh kasus ini pengaturan tersebut saya rubah menjadi seperti ini:

Blend Mode : Screen

Opacity : 75%

Kemudian klik OK


Kemudian kita beri layer masking, dengan cara klik Add layer mask seperti pada gambar dibawah ini:


Kemudian kita ubah warna layer maskingnya dari warna putih menjadi warna hitam, akibatnya foto yang sudah kita kasih efek layer style tadi akan kembali seperti semula, sebelum sebelum kita kasih layer mask tadi. Selanjutnya kita pilih Brush Tool (B), dan kita atur ukurannya seperti dalam contoh kasus ini:

Master Diameter : 40px

Hardness : 0%

Opacity : 100%

Flow : 10%


Seperti pada gambar dibawah ini:


Kemudian sapukan pada bagian-bagian yang ingin kita buat lebih terang. Dan hasilnya seperti ini:

Pengertian Kamera SLR


Kamera SLR (single-lens reflex) atau Kamera refleks lensa-tunggal‎ adalah kamera yang menggunakan sistem jajaran lensa jalur tunggal untuk melewatkan berkas cahaya menuju ke dua tempat, yaitu Focal Plane dan Viewfinder, sehingga memungkinkan fotografer untuk dapat melihat objek melalui kamera yang sama persis seperti hasil fotonya. Hal ini berbeda dengan kamera non-SLR, dimana pandangan yang terlihat di viewfinder bisa jadi berbeda dengan apa yang ditangkap di film, karena kamera jenis ini menggunakan jajaran lensa ganda, 1 untuk melewatkan berkas cahaya ke Viewfinder, dan jajaran lensa yang lain untuk melewatkan berkas cahaya ke Focal Plane.

Kamera SLR menggunakan pentaprisma yang ditempatkan di atas jalur optikal melalui lensa ke lempengan film. Cahaya yang masuk kemudian dipantulkan ke atas oleh kaca cermin pantul dan mengenai pentaprisma. Pentaprisma kemudian memantulkan cahaya beberapa kali hingga mengenai jendela bidik. Saat tombol dilepaskan, kaca membuka jalan bagi cahaya sehingga cahaya dapat langsung mengenai film.


Sumber: Wikipedia

Memperbaiki Foto Kekurangan Cahaya Menggunakan Level


Pencahayaan merupakan salah satu masalah yang sangat sering kita hadapi dalam memotret suatu obyek, yaitu kekurangan cahaya (Under Exposure, disingkat UE) dan kelebihan cahaya (Over Exposure, disingkat OE).

Untuk memperbaiki masalah kekurangan atau kelebihan cahaya, banyak cara yang bisa kita lakukan dengan menggunakan software pengolah gambar seperti Adobe Photoshop, untuk kali ini akan saya uraikan cara untuk memperbaiki foto kekurangan cahaya Menggunakan Level dengan Adobe Photoshop:

Sebelum di olah

Kita perbaiki menggunakan Level


Kita geser dari angka 255 menjadi 200 (menyesuaikan foto yang sedang kita olah/menurut selera)




Sesudah di olah

Foto yang sudah kita olah Levelnya kelihatan lebih terang dari pada sebelumnya. Gimana, mudah bukan?Anda pun pasti bisa dengan mudah melakukannya.
Selamat mencoba.....!!

Diafragma dan Rana / Shutter


Istilah eksposur atau pencahayaan digunakan untuk menentukan kuantitas cahaya yang masuk ke dalam sensor kamera. Pengaturan cahaya yang masuk ke dalam kamera dapat dilakukan dengan mengontrol bukaan diafragma dan kecepatan rana/shutter. Besar kecilnya bukaan diafragma menetukan jumlah cahaya yang masuk ke dalam sensor kamera, sedangkan rana/shutter menetukan lama waktu yang dibutuhkan.

Berbagai kombinasi dari bukaan diafragma dan kecepatan rana/shutter menghasilkan pencahayaan yang sama, misalnya kombinasi bukaan diafragma f/8 dan kecepatan rana/shutter 1/125detik. Apabila kita merubah bukaan diafragma satu stop lebih kecil (angka lebih besar) menjadi f/11, maka kuantitas cahaya yang masuk ke dalam sensor kamera berkurang setengah kali. Untuk mendapatkan kuantitas cahaya yang sama, harus kita imbangi dengan menurunkan kecepatan rana/shutter satu stop, menjadi 1/60detik.

Format File Gambar


Di era digital yang sangat canggih sekarang ini sangat memungkinkan setiap orang untuk dapat menghasilkan gambar yang baik, bahkan sangat baik, hanya dengan menggunakan beberapa settingan otomatis dari kamera. Namun terdapat beberapa settingan manual pada kamera yang bisa dipergunakan oleh fotografer profesional untuk menentukan settingan yang dikehendaki.

Misalnya saja Format File Gambar, pada kamera digital umumnya (terutama DSLR) terdapat beberapa pilihan format file yang bisa kita gunakan, yaitu: JPEG (.jpg), TIFF (.tif), dan RAW (.nef).

Sedangkan format file yang paling banyak digunakan adalah JPEG. Hal ini dikarenakan format JPEG mempunyai keseimbangan konversi yang sangat bagus antara ukuran file dan kualitas gambar, berbeda dengan format TIFF yang tidak ada pengurangan kualitas gambar (konversi), yang berakibat ukuran file tetap besar. Berbeda dengan format JPEG dan TIFF, format RAW adalah format gambar yang masih “mentah”. Pengaturan-pengaturan kamera, seperti contrast, level, saturasi, white balance, dan pengaturan-pengaturan lain pada kamera tidak diaplikasikan untuk format file gambar RAW. Pengaturan-pengaturan tersebut dapat dikontrol ketika kita mengkonversi format file gambar RAW menggunakan software khusus atau software yang telah disediakan oleh produsen kamera tersebut.

Organizing your photos...!!


Digital photography has opened up the world of photography to people like never before. The last time we had anything close to the current surge in photography was when Kodak introduced the Brownie way back in 1900. Unfortunately, the digital revolution hasn’t done anything to revolutionize photo storage. We have quickly gone from shoeboxes stacked with prints and negatives to computer hard drives and memory cards packed with a jumble of images. The question is, how do we straighten up these digital shoeboxes so that we can find our images?

Digital Organizers
Most photo editing (digital darkroom) programs now include their own organizers. Although some offer more features than others, most of these work on the same idea. This is that as you upload images the software reads the camera EXIF data (shutter speed, aperture, lens mm, date) and sorts the images accordingly in a search feature (regardless of where you save the images). While this auto sort does group images together, it isn’t very helpful as most of us prefer to find images by subject rather than by shutter speed. Stronger organizer programs offer the ability to add custom information, or tags, to your images as you upload them. Common tags include subject and keywords. These custom tags make it much easier to locate images later as they will match the way you personally think about the images.

Folders
Regardless of whether or not you use a digital organization program, using multiple folders to store your images on your computer is a good idea. There will be times when you want to access photos directly instead of through your organizer program and folders will make the job easier.

Strategies for Organizing
Regardless of if you use folders or a digital organization program, you need to have a strategy for your organization. This will vary a bit from person to person because each of us thinks differently. For example, some people may prefer to file “sunsets” under “nature” but others would put them under “scenics”. What your categories are does not matter as much as making sure you can remember them and be consistent.

Sumber: Organizing your photos...!!

Composition



A tightly-composed image with all elements in the right places, including Bugs Bunny's eyes on the boy's shirt. They seem to be warily checking out the sedated cougar.




Composition, the act of composing the image in the viewfinder, is a visual process of organizing the elements and individual details of a scene into a balanced and pleasing arrangement. Because what one person finds pleasing, someone else will not, composition is largely a matter of personal taste.

In this section, we take that into account. There is no right or wrong composition in photography. A composition that conveys a photographer's intended meaning is an effective one. A composition that doesn't or that confuses the viewer is not.

A photograph that communicates its message - that says what you want it to say, says it clearly, and that interests its viewer - is an effecive composition.

How you arrange a scene's elements in your camera's viewfinder will not only determine the effectiveness of your picture's graphic design, but will also contribute to how well its message is conveyed. There is more to good composition, though, than the placement of elements. Lighting, shutter speed, depth of field and other considerations contribute to a picture's mood and clarity of what the picture is saying, and therefore the effectiveness of its composition.

TREAT THE RULES OF COMPOSITION AS GUIDELINES

Some of the so-called "rules" of composition presented here should be considered as guidelines. They are based on recreating similarities in the make-up of many different images that many people have found to be esthetically-pleasing. We do not intend that a rule of composition or a design concept be taken as a hard and fast rule that must be observed. Besides, some renowned photographs violate all the rules of composition and are still excellent pictures. This doesn't mean that the rules are without value. They are tremendously valuable. They are time-proven, and provide great guidelines for photographers at any level. We use them all the time.

ORIGIN OF THE RULES OF COMPOSITION

Years ago, artists who had been born with an innate sense of design created works that were perceived, by other skilled artists, as having good composition. Not only that, but their works were very popular with the general public and art afficionados. Analysis of such works showed patterns and trends in the organization and inter-relationships of lines, shapes, forms and colors that were recognized as contributing to the effectiveness of the works. It was found that others could employ these patterns as techniques in improving their own works. When they were defined, they became known as the rules of composition.

FOLLOW THE RULES UNTIL YOU KNOW WHEN TO BREAK THEM

We hope in this section to help everyone to compose better pictures, but especially the person who has no idea of composition - the photographer for whom taking a picture means just picking up a camera to point it and shoot it with little thought for the arrangement of the elements in a scene. Such a person would rarely be pleased with the results of his or her normal photography, and could benefit enormously from an understanding of the elements of composition.

Anyone who has an interest in improving their pictures would do well to go through this section and use the tips and hints it contains in their photography to see if their pictures improve.

By religiously observing the principles of composition, they will become firmly cemented in your mind. Employing them will become second nature to you. If you don’t find there is an improvement in your pictures and people aren’t commenting on how great they look, we will be greatly surprised.

Once you have the rules of composition down pat, experiment and break a rule here or there when you feel the image will work better without it. That’s called individual style, and the creativity that stems from it produces some great images. The point is that you will know when to break a rule of composition once you know what the rules are and how they work.


Sumber: PhotograpyTips.Com

History of Photography



First known photograph, taken by Joseph Nicéphore Niépce in 1825 by the heliograph process. The image is of a 17th Century Flemish engraving showing a man leading a horse.


The word photography derives from the Greek words 'photos' - meaning light and 'graphein' - to draw. The word was popularised by Sir John Herschel in 1839.
Modern '''photography''' began in the 1820s with the first permanent photographs.



A camera obscura box used for drawing images


Euclid is the result of combining several technical discoveries. Long before the first photographs were made, Chinese philosopher Mo Ti and Greek philosophers such as Aristotle and Euclid described a pinhole camera in the 5th and 4th centuries B.C.E, Ibn al-Haytham (Alhazen) (965–1040) studied the camera obscura and pinhole camera, Albertus Magnus (1193/1206-1280) discovered silver nitrate, and Georges Fabricius (1516-1571) discovered silver chloride. Daniel Barbaro described a diaphragm in 1568. Wilhelm Homberg described how light darkened some chemicals (photochemical effect) in 1694. The novel Giphantie (by the French Tiphaigne de la Roche, 1729-1774) described what can be interpreted as photography.

For years images have been projected onto surfaces. According to the Hockney–Falco thesis as argued by artist David Hockney, some artists used the camera obscura and camera lucida to trace scenes as early as the 16th century. However, this theory is heavily disputed by today's contemporary realist artists who are able to create high levels of realism without optical aids. These early cameras did not record an image, but only projected images from an opening in the wall of a darkened room onto a surface, turning the room into a large pinhole camera The phrase ''camera obscura'' literally means dark chamber. While this early prototype of today's modern camera may have had modest usage in its time, it was an important step in the evolution of the invention.


Sumber: Wikipedia

Pengertian Fotografi


Fotografi (Photography, Ingrris) berasal dari 2 kata yaitu Photo yang berarti cahaya dan Graph yang berarti tulisan / lukisan. Dalam seni rupa, fotografi adalah proses melukis / menulis dengan menggunakan media cahaya. Sebagai istilah umum, fotografi berarti proses atau metode untuk menghasilkan gambar atau foto dari suatu obyek dengan merekam pantulan cahaya yang mengenai obyek tersebut pada media yang peka cahaya. Alat paling populer untuk menangkap cahaya ini adalah kamera.

Jadi dapat disimpulkan bahwa tidak ada cahaya, berarti tidak ada foto yang bisa dibuat

Prinsip fotografi adalah memokuskan cahaya dengan bantuan pembiasan sehingga mampu membakar medium penangkap cahaya. Medium yang telah dibakar dengan ukuran luminitas cahaya yang tepat akan menghailkan bayangan identik dengan cahaya yang memasuki medium pembiasan (selanjutnya disebut lensa).

Untuk menghasilkan intensitas cahaya yang tepat untuk menghasilkan gambar, digunakan bantuan alat ukur berupa lightmeter. Setelah mendapat ukuran pencahayaan yang tepat, seorang fotografer bisa mengatur intensitas cahaya tersebut dengan merubah kombinasi ISO / ASA (ISO Speed), Diafragma (Aperture), dan Kecepatan Rana (Speed). Kombinasi antara ISO, Diafragma & Speed selanjutnya disebut sebagai Eksposur (Exposure)

Di era fotografi digital dimana film tidak digunakan, maka kecepatan film yang semula digunakan berkembang menjadi Digital ISO.


Sumber: Wikipedia